【基础】Chia硬币模型优于比特币UTXO和以太坊的账户模型

Chia社区开发者Cameron对Coin Set model（硬币模型）和UTXO模型（BTC模型）以及账户模型（以太坊模型）做了一个对比。这让我们能更清楚的了解Chia硬币模型的优势及其特点。

硬币模型（Coin Set Model）优于 UTXO 和账户模型。原因如下：

L1 最重要的属性是去中心化。你使用区块链而不是中心化数据库的原因是你不想让任何人控制它。

帐户模型是中心化的。每个令牌 (ERC-20) 或 NFT (ERC-721) 都在其创建者管理的智能合约中进行跟踪。在账户模型中你从来没有真正拥有任何东西，你只是被列为所有者，并且（通常）允许转让它。

如果 ERC-20 代币发行人想要拿走你的硬币、将你列入黑名单或阻止你转移它们，他们完全可以做到。如果 NFT 所有者想要删除您的 NFT 或更改其内容，他们也完全可以做到。

UTXO 优于账户模型，因为它没有这种中心化。如果你有 UTXO 的钥匙，你就可以花掉它。没有人能把它从你身边拿走或阻止你花掉它。

硬币模型与 UTXO 类似，但有一些小的变化，却可以产生很大的不同。这些变化降低了复杂性，揭示了一个更简单、更灵活的模型。

在软件设计中，复杂性通常是设计缺陷或不可避免的约束的标志。因为比特币选择了不可聚合（not aggregatable）的签名方案，所以别无选择，只能将签名和交易组合在一起。

这导致了需要更高运算成本的更复杂的设计。

硬币模型利用可聚合签名(aggregatable) 将块内的交易扁平化为单个无序的硬币支出集 (coin spend) 。这消除了复杂性并关闭了大量 MEV 漏洞。

除了是一个更简单、更强大的模型之外，硬币模型还为更多的主权和更好的自我监管模型打开了许多大门。

在账户模型中，你永远不会真正拥有和控制你的资产，而在硬币模型中，你拥有的每一个资产都是一枚只有你可以控制的硬币。没有人能拿走你的硬币，也没有人能阻止你随心所欲地花钱。

硬币模型还启用了可能是世界上有史以来最伟大的自由市场推动因素：offer 文件。

由于交易被扁平化并且签名被聚合，任何拥有硬币的人都可以以一种取决于其他支出发生的方式使用它。

换句话说，只要满足某些条件，您就可以创建出售或交易某些资产的offer文件，并且该offer文件可以被任何人、在任何地方接受，而无需您或中间人的任何额外干预。

硬币模型还处于早期阶段，我们将看到更多令人难以置信的发明从中诞生，但我们已经看到它是我们今天拥有的最好的模型。

英文版：

Coin set model is superior to UTXO and account model. Here’s why:

The most important property of a L1 is decentralization. The reason you use a blockchain instead of a centralized database, is that you don’t want anyone to control it.

Account model is centralized. Every token (ERC-20) or NFT (ERC-721) is tracked in a smart contract managed by its creator. You never really own anything in account model, you are simply listed as the owner, and (usually) permitted to transfer it.

If an ERC-20 token issuer wants to take your coins, blacklist you, or prevent you from transferring them, they can. If an NFT owner wants to delete your NFT, or change its content, they can.

UTXO is superior to account model because it lacks this centralization. If you have the keys to a UTXO, you can spend it. Nobody can take it away from you or prevent you from spending it.

Coin set model is similar to UTXO with some small changes that make a very big difference. These changes are reduction in complexity that reveals a simpler and more flexible model.

In software design, complexity is often a sign of design flaws or unavoidable constraints. Because Bitcoin chose a signature scheme that was not aggregatable, there was no choice but to keep signatures and transactions grouped together.

This leads to a more complex design with higher computational overhead.

Coin set model makes use of aggregatable signatures to flatten transactions within a block into a single unordered set of coin spends. This eliminates complexity and closes a slew of MEV holes.

Beyond being a simpler, more powerful model, coin set opens many doors for more sovereignty and much better models for self-custody.

Whereas in the account model you never really own and control your assets, with coin set model every asset you own is a coin that only you control. Nobody can take your coins, and nobody can prevent you from spending them how you please.

Coin set also enables what is probably the greatest enabler of free markets the world has ever seen: offer files.

Because transactions are flattened and signatures are aggregated, anyone who owns a coin can spend it in a way that is contingent on some other spend happening.

In other words, you can create an offer to sell or trade some asset as long as some condition is met, and this offer can be accepted by anyone, anywhere, without any additional interaction from you or a middleman.

It is still early days for coin set, and we will see many more incredible inventions come out of it, but already we are seeing that it is the best model we have today.

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